Research in Context
Network of monitoring sites
The monitoring of tree species performance in the urban conditions has been established in some cities. With well defined procedures or even instruments measurements, valuable data is collected. Research findings will guide decision making in tree management or new tree plantings.
AUSTRALIA
The WPW Living Lab is linked to the project "Which Plant Where" (WPW). It was established in 2018 as a new network of urban planting sites where plant performance is assessed across a wide range of environmental conditions.
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It comprises a standardized set of tree and shrub plantings that are considered suitable for urban areas throughout Australia. The main sets are (1) Trees only, comprising four species. (2) Shrubs only, s comprising four shrub species; and (3) Trees + Shrubs, a mixture of four different tree species, each planted with four different shrub species alongside. (Esperon-Rodriguez et al 2025)
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"The WPW Living Lab currently has 10 sites in four states, covering a temperature and precipitation gradient across Australia, from the warmer and wetter site in the Sunshine Coast, to the cooler and drier site in Canberra." (Which Plant Where 2021, December 14).
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Also in the country the Treenet network has been established since early 2000s. It has been able to bring together efforts from many stakeholders (communities, governments, schools, researchers, etc.) to plant and monitor trees. Results presented at Treenet's symposia are available in the Australian Urban Forest Literature Database and links to some selected papers and videos are provided at the website platform. It also cooperates with WPW in collecting and sharing data on climate ready street trees. An invaluable resource that is also provided by the network is the Australian Tree Failure Database (ATFD) which is continuously updated and made available to arborists (Manea et al 2021, Treenet n.d.). ​


Tall Eucalyptus tree in the suburb of Belmore in Sydney. NSW Australia. Image source: Peter Timonidis, 2025

Native trees (Melaleuca viminalis, weeping bottlebrush) in the streets of the suburb of Belmore in Sydney. NSW Australia. Image source: Peter Timonidis 2025
The networks of city tree monitoring in Australia cover a wide range of conditions. From warm and wet (Sydney) to colder and drier (Canberra).
NETHERLANDS
The project CSI Trees by the Wageningen University and Research is conducting preliminary research on tree performance in relation to the urban environment. Ten municipalities are participating in the project, including the country’s four major cities: Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Hague and Utrecht. The results of the study will facilitate the municipal councils to make informed decisions on which tree species to plant for the future (Wageningen University and Research 2023).

Urban trees in the city of Dordrecht, Netherlands. The municipality of Dordrecht is among the participants of the project CSI Trees by the Wageningen University and Research. Image source: Kees Klok, 2025.

Remarkable tree in the historic center of the city of Dordrecht. Image source: Kees Klok, 2025.
SWITZERLAND
TREENET (FORESTRY)
The TreeNet research and monitoring network for forestry has been in place since 2011. Data is collected from point dendrometers and air and soil microclimate using an automated system. The goal of TreeNet is to generate high temporal resolution datasets of tree growth and tree water dynamics for research and to provide near real-time indicators of forest growth performance and drought stress to a wide audience. Every 10 min, the stem radii of about 420 trees from 13 species at 61 sites in Switzerland are measured electronically with micrometer precision, in parallel with the environmental conditions above and below ground. The data are automatically transmitted, processed and stored on a central server. TreeNet is capable of tracking the diurnal and seasonal cycles of tree physiology in near real-time. It covers a wide range of temperate forest species and their respective environmental conditions (Zweifel et al 2021). Even on a daily basis, performance and water deficit become available on the project's website, at the section "Tree Signals" (TreeNet.info 2025).
For the same purpose since 2020, the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL) has cooperated with federal and cantonal for the creation of a network of experimental plantings. A number of 55.000 young trees belonging to 18 species have been planted in 57 experimental plots. In forests across all altitudes and all the regions of the country. The aim is to monitor climate change effect and
- the capacity of the forests for natural adaptation
- biodiversity
- forest wood production
- forest carbon stocking (WSL 2023, Swissinfo 2023)​​

Forest landscape in the village of Champéry. In the forest of the village, the latest experimental plot for monitoring tree species response to climate change was established in 2023. Image source: Sophia Vardaki, 2025. Champéry, Switzerland.

Tree rows along the waterfront (Lake Geneva) in the village of Cully. Image source: Sophia Vardaki, 2025. Cully, Switzerland.
REFERENCES
PAPERS
Esperon-Rodriguez, M., Power, S. A., Tjoelker, M. G., Sharmin, M., & Rymer, P. D. 2025.
A nation-wide urban trial network of tree and shrub climate resilience.
Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 105, 128720.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128720
Manea, A., Staas, L., Plant, L., Ossola, A., Beaumont, L., Power, S., Johnson, T., Gallagher, R., Griffiths, G. & Leishman, M. (2021)
Climate ready street tree trials: A best practice guide.
Macquarie University, Western Sydney University, TREENET, Hort Innovation. Sydney, Australia.
https://doi.org/10.25949/v8n7-wt6
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Zweifel, Roman & Etzold, Sophia & Basler, David & Bischoff, Reinhard & Braun, Sabine & Buchmann, Nina & Conedera, Marco & Fonti, Patrick & Gessler, Arthur & Haeni, Matthias & Hoch, Günter & Kahmen, Ansgar & Köchli, Roger & Maeder, Marcus & Nievergelt, Daniel & Peter, Martina & Peters, Richard & Schaub, Marcus & Trotsiuk, Volodymyr & Eugster, Werner. (2021).
TreeNet–The Biological Drought and Growth Indicator Network. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change. 4. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/forests-and-global-change/articles/10.3389/ffgc.2021.776905/full
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RESEARCH PROJECT WEBSITES
Which Plant Where. (2021, December 14).
Lessons from our living labs
https://www.whichplantwhere.com.au/resources/lessons-from-our-living-labs
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Which Plant Where. (2021, November 22).
Living Lab Sites
https://www.whichplantwhere.com.au/resources/which-plant-where-living-labs
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Which Plant Where. (2021, November 30).
Climate-ready street tree trials
https://www.whichplantwhere.com.au/resources/climate-ready-street-tree-trials
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Wageningen University and Research Website. 2023.
Kennis online Magazine.
The quest for climate-resilient urban trees.
https://subsites.wur.nl/en/article/the-quest-for-climate-resilient-urban-trees.htm
https://www.wur.nl/en/show-longread/the-quest-for-climate-resilient-urban-trees.htm
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Wageningen University and Research.
CSI Trees: climate trees with future. Kick-off poster.
https://www.wur.nl/en/show/kick-off-poster-csi-trees.htm
Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL (Eidgenössische Forschungsanstalt für Wald, Schnee und Landschaft). 2023, June 30.
55 000 arbres pour une forêt adaptée au climat: les plantations sont terminées
TreeNet.info (2025).
Tree Signals.
https://treenet.info/nowcasts/tree-signals/
Treenet.org n.d.
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NEWSMEDIA ARTICLES
SWI Swissinfo.ch. 2023, June 30
Keystone-ATS press agency.
55’000 arbres testés en Suisse – Le dernier planté à Champéry (VS).
https://www.swissinfo.ch/fre/55-000-arbres-testés-en-suisse-le-dernier-planté-à-champéry-vs/48631654
